Habituation as an Effective Conservation Tool for Western Gorillas in Areas With a History of (…)

ABSTRACT

Ecotourism based on animal habituation to human observers is an effective means for primate conservation while promoting local development. This may be difficult in areas with a history of poaching, as primates may still fear humans after poaching removal. Our study investigated the effectiveness of an ecotourism program involving the habituation of a group of 12 western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) on Dipikar Island, Campo Ma'an National Park, Cameroon. During the habituation (2015–2022), we investigated the behavioural responses of gorillas to contact with observers in this geographically isolated area. This area had previously been exposed to consistent levels of poaching, today drastically reduced thanks to ongoing consistent anti-poaching patrols. Aggressivity and fear decreased over time, while curiosity and visual time increased. Although the patterns of the gorillas' responses were similar to those observed in gorillas living in continuous forest without a history of poaching, habituation (> 8 years) lasted longer, as did the aggressive and avoidance responses. This was likely due to the past presence of poaching, rather than to its current low level: Habituation led to increased protection as the rare occurrence of poaching signs decreased with time. Our findings suggest the feasibility of ecotourism programs in areas previously affected by high anthropogenic pressure, provided this has been alleviated by continuous anti-poaching protection.